There is bilinear resampling by Pixel Bender already, why not bicubic too?
With the very helpful Java implementation, I can get bicubic resampling running in Pixel Bender in hours.
Here is my result, along with the resampling results in PhotoShop as a comparison:
Source image (4x4), scaled by your browser):

Source image enlarged in PS (nearest neighbor):

Bicubic resampling by Pixel Bender:

There is some difference with PhotoShop’s versions (below), hope it’s not my mistake…
Bicubic resampling by PhotoShop:

Bicubic smoother by PhotoShop:

Bicubic sharper by PhotoShop:

My codes can be downloaded below:
Bicubic resampling sample program source (with PB source)
Update:
Notified by author of the Java version, the Java code was wrong and has
been updated. Here below is my updated code:
Bicubic resampling sample program source (with PB source)
updated output of PB:

Update (2010-11-17):
Once again notified by Paul, the author of the Java version, there is
something need to be updated. Here below is my updated code:
Bicubic resampling sample program source (with PB source)
updated output of PB:
